This section covers Saudi Arabia’s mining and minerals sector, a cornerstone of the Kingdom’s economic diversification strategy built on an estimated $1.3 trillion in untapped mineral wealth. Topics include gold, phosphate, bauxite, copper, and rare earth element extraction, alongside the strategic role of Ma’aden as the national mining champion. Analysis addresses the new Mining Investment Law, exploration licensing rounds, downstream mineral processing, and infrastructure development in remote mining regions. As Vision 2030 positions mining as a third pillar of the economy alongside hydrocarbons and petrochemicals, this section tracks the regulatory reforms and foreign investment frameworks driving sector growth.